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Here's What Your Colleagues have to say about
Cross-Examination: The Comprehensive Guide For Experts

By Steven Babitsky, Esquire, and James J. Mangraviti, Jr., Esquire, 
© 2003 SEAK, Inc. 
  

"If you have ever wondered how to behave under cross-examination, what questions may be asked, how lawyers think about their strategy, how to prepare, etc.., or ever wondered if you might even want to qualify as an expert witness then this book is for you.

As appraisers we have had some harrowing experiences with court cases.  The horror stories have appeared in the trade journals with increasing regularity.  This book by two experienced trial attorneys delves into the court process with emphasis on how expert witnesses are examined.  It explains the thinking of the opposition lawyers, some of the trick questions they may ask, as well as suggested answers.  It explains how the expert should prepare, how juries may be swayed, how your credibility may be called into question and much more.

It does all this with chapters which include examples of cross-examination and trick questions, which if handled correctly, can even help sway the jury.

Many of the questions used as examples apply to the medical profession, but it is not too difficult for our readers to transpose some of these questions into question which may be asked of appraisers.  It will make you want to increase your expertise so that you will not fall into any of the traps.  The more you read the more you will want to keep reading.

This is an update of a previous book by the same authors in 1997.  In this update they begin with the major points they will address and in the following chapters supply the details of the points mentioned.  The organization of the book lends itself to reading through in page order, or choosing chapters you are most interested in.

This book should be in the library of every appraiser and should be reread each time they read one of the horror stories to see if any of the mistakes may have been corrected with better preparation.

Howard Rubin


"Most physicians avoid medical-legal work like the plague.  The thoughts of being humiliated by a smarmy attorney or testifying against another physician are enough to make most physicians flee to the comfort and familiarity of their practices.

Over the past 20 years I have done a modest amount of medical-legal expert work-primarily because my colleagues fit the description above!  This work has ranged from independent medical examinations (mostly in occupational medicine) to malpractice litigation to adventure or high-altitude accident liability.  In reflection I have found the work stimulating and challenging and have also felt that it has, in part, been a responsibility to our profession.

I have always followed these rules: (1) never become involved in a case unless you do feel like an expert, (2) "call them like you see them" and never get swayed by what the attorney wants to hear, (3) don't do cases just for the plaintiff or defendant sides (don't get a reputation as a "hired gun"). Also, I have often been asked by plaintiffs' counsels to look at a case to see if it has merit, which has in numerous cases allowed me to say, "No, this is too "gray."  I don't think there is enough here to drag a family through the cost and anguish of a prolonged proceeding."  That approach is a service to the encumbered system.  Finally, I have found that more than 95% of the attorneys I've encountered to be smart, educated on the topic, honest, and enjoyable to work with!  In my experience, the image of "the lawyer" has not been true.  On the other hand, if you are an expert, you can turn the tables on a poorly prepared attorney and take some solace in that.

One can also pick up a lot of tricks along the way.  In that light I found Cross-Examination: The Comprehensive Guide for Experts to be a superb and extensive handbook for physicians entertaining the idea of becoming involved in medical-legal expert testimony.  Despite its length and some redundancy I found myself reading enthusiastically through the numerous examples of question-and-answer scenarios one might encounter, which include tips on how to respond well, honestly, and clearly, as well as how to be "one-up" on the attorneys.

The organization helps the reader to see issues from both the physician's and the lawyer's sides.  Chapters 2 and 3 describe how an attorney prepares and how a physician should prepare for depositions and trials.  Chapter 4 describes the juror's perception of what is going on and the techniques to communicate with the jury thought one's testimony.  The remaining chapters (5-10) further delineate the legal limits of the process, tactics to defeat the counsel's cross-examination, the handling of trick questions, and techniques to become a "dangerous" or "bulletproof" expert witness.  Each chapter has an executive summary at the beginning and an extensive example of an actual trial question-and-answer session, with evaluation of poor and excellent responses.  The book teaches one to listen very carefully to every word of the questions, to respond clearly and accurately, and to avoid being cornered.  Most importantly there are excellent tips on how to avoid trick questions and in some cases turn the tables, leaving the attorney standing empty in front of the judge and jury.  This book is very helpful for experts who come from either the academic or practice setting, both of whom can be extremely valuable witnesses.

Despite its length and boring facade (looks like it belongs in some legal library) this book is a must for physicians-both novice and seasoned-in this arena of medical-legal work.  Reading this book should diminish one's fear of the challenge in an unfamiliar setting.  My hat is off to the authors."

Melvin A. Welch, Jr., MPH, RRT-NPS
Santa Monica College


"Written for expert witnesses of all fields, Cross-examination: The comprehensive guide for experts is 414 pages of valuable resource for experts from the ‘novice’ to ‘seasoned veteran’ of courtroom testimony.  Written from the perspective of the attorney, this publication generates insight in to tactics of counsel, and strategies for surviving the cross-examination.

            Following an opening chapter devoted to providing an outline of the book, Chapters 2-4 set the tone for book, looking at how attorney’s prepare for cross, how the expert should prepare to be examined, and how jurors view the expert witness.  Chapter 2 takes a look at how the attorney prepares for the cross, allowing the expert to gain insight on the thought process of their inquisitors.  Armed with this newfound knowledge, Chapter 3 discusses how the expert can better prepare for cross-examination, while Chapter 4 views the expert through the eyes of the juror, helping the witness understand how to best present themselves in the courtroom.   

            Chapters 5-6 are designed to prepare the expert for the different types of questions, and the structure of misleading questions, asked on cross-examination.  Chapter 5 discusses advanced techniques for withstanding cross-examination, while Chapter 6, as the largest chapter in the book, provides extensive overview of the types of questions commonly asked in cross-examination, including sources of potential bias, credibility issues, conflicts in relationships, qualifications of the expert, the basis for an opinion, and marketing activities.

            Chapter 7 is of particular interest to the expert as a brief discussion of legal issues involved in serving as an expert is discussed.  Included in this section are the limitations to the types of questions allowable in cross, and the trial judges role as a gatekeeper to these questions.

            Chapters 8-10 offer specific strategies for overcoming the different tactics used by counsel, answering difficult questions, and the criteria for becoming a dangerous expert witness.  This trilogy of chapters advises the expert on handling trap-inducing questions and defeating counsel’s cross-examination tactics.  Finally, the authors conclude with advanced strategies for becoming a “bulletproof witness”, the ultimate goal of any expert called to testify.

            The authors are Steven Babitsky, Esq., and James J. Mangraviti Jr., Esq, experience trial attorney’s with extensive publication history.  Previous publications include How to excel during depositions: techniques for experts that work and Writing and defending your expert report: The step-by-step guide with models.  The authors, president and vice president of SEAK, respectively, also are trainers of expert witnesses across the United States and Canada.

            Cross-examination: The comprehensive guide for experts is recommended for vocational experts who are preparing to sit for the first time as a witness, and for seasoned experts seeking to add a calculated edge to their testimony.  The handbook combines the simplicity of read and lessons analogous to Brodsky’s Testifying in court: Guidelines and maxims for the expert witness with Deutsch’s A guide to rehabilitation testimony: the expert’s role as an educator.  While Brodsky and Deutsch are experienced expert witnesses, Cross-examination: The comprehensive guide for experts, provides the unique perspective of experienced attorney’s.  As such, it is a valuable resource for any professional with designs on serving as an expert witness in a court of law."

Craig Johnston
The Ohio State University


"As expert witnesses, financial experts understand that with every engagement letter, the possibility to present testimony to the judge or the jury also arrives.  Trial testimony can be one of the most difficult parts of any engagement; hence fees for time spent at trial are higher than fees for time spent arriving at your opinion.  While the work performed to arrive at the opinion is important, how witnesses perform on the stand can be crucial to the case as well as to the expert's professional reputation.  A recent book Cross Examination:  The Comprehensive Guide for Experts, by the attorneys Steven Babitsky and James J. Mangraviti, is a good resource for expert witnesses, which will help them provide better testimony when they appear before the judge and jury.

Cross Examination is 414 pages and is hardcover, bound in black leather with gold embossed lettering.  It has the look and feel of a professional publication.  Within its covers, the authors discuss over ten chapters what to expect during cross-examination, how to prepare, and how to successfully answer questions on cross-examination.

Cross-examination is written in an easy to follow fashion.  The authors make a point, provide examples, and emphasize the lesson to be gleaned from the examples.  While this book discusses cross-examination techniques in a general fashion, specific examples from many litigation areas, especially medical malpractice, are used to underscore the lessons.  Unfortunately, there are few examples from the business appraisal or lost profits world.  However, the lack of such examples does not diminish the book's value.  The points the authors wish to make and the examples they use provide the business appraiser and financial expert with many important things to consider.

Babitsky and Mangraviti drive home several themes.  These include answering opposing counsel's questions truthfully, but artfully, especially questions regarding the expert's fees and clients; ensuring that the expert's curriculum vitae is up to date and accurate; and that the expert's marketing materials, including their website, are presented in a neutral fashion.  These themes are repeated through several of the chapters, and by the end of Cross-Examination the reader understands that the authors have encountered trouble with experts in those areas.

Overall this book is done well, and financial experts will be well served having read this book.  It provides experts with useful lessons, which can be immediately implemented in their practice and help make them better experts on the witness stand.

John Stockdale, Jr.
Valuation Information, Inc.


"Steven  Babitsky had done it again with an excellent book written to help the expert witness excel in his work!

There are four primary areas in which an expert witness must excel in order to succeed-their own field of expertise; writing expert reports; giving quality depositions; and, giving credible court testimony.  Perhaps the most difficult for many experts is this last item, and especially handling oneself well during cross-examination.

Cross-Examination:  The Comprehensive Guide For Experts published by SEAK, Inc., and co-authored by Steven Babitsky and James J. Mangraviti, Jr. provides a watershed of information to make any expert more comfortable when it comes to preparing for court testimony and cross-examination.  This volume, like Writing and Defending Your Expert Report (also co-authored by Babitsky and Mangraviti, and published by SEAK, Inc.) is filled with examples, tips, step-by-step guides, etc.

It is quite surprising that a book with a topic that promises to be quite dry is actually entertaining as well as educational.  I found myself with Cross-Examination looking forward to each chapter, and reading it with almost the same interest as a novel.  The volume is presented in a very logical manner, with each chapter covering a broad topic, such as How to Prepare for Cross-Examination and How to Answer Trick and Difficult Questions.  Then, each chapter is divided into sub-topics with a narrative and samples on each sub-topic.  The only problem with this layout is that it gets a bit repetitive at times, but the information is valuable, and the examples are mostly great.  A few examples in the book are a bit extreme (perhaps even silly) to be valuable, but most are very much on point.

No Expert Witness should be without this volume to be as prepared as possible for court testimony and the inevitable cross-examination. There is no longer an excuse for not being prepared for virtually anything one may encounter in the courtroom.

George Reis
Imaging Forensics


"The book is stellar … levels the playing field … I have a successful expert witness practice thanks to the SEAK materials … The Cross-Examination Guide continue to raise me to a higher level of expertise."

Orthopedic Surgeon  
New York

  "The text skillfully integrates practical instruction with sample testimony transcript.  Of particular value are the succinct lessons for experts."

PhD, Psychologist  
 Florida

  "A lifetime of experience in cross-examination reduced to a practical, concise, easy to understand guide for the expert."

Emergency Medicine  
 Maryland

  "An extraordinary work … An unrivaled fusion of close-quarters-combat details packaged within a tactical/instructional framework."

 Financial Expert  
 Oregon

  "I couldn't put it down … I found applicability of the techniques laid out so clearly, concisely and convincingly.  An expert who does not read this book and heed its advice does so at her own peril."

 Biomechanical Engineer  
 New York

  "The book has been a great help to me … A must for experienced professionals and those first timers … I am referring to it now as I prepare for a tough trial."

 Recreational Hazards Forensic Expert  
 New Jersey
 

"This text provides a wealth of information … It raises the bar for the legal requirements that experts must understand."

Forensic Chiropractor  
 South Carolina

  "Wow!  I wish I had access to this book many years ago.  I learned some of this material by trial and error … Fortunately, I can now learn more by reading and referencing this wonderful compendium."

 Orthopaedic Surgeon  
 Texas

  "This incredible resource is a must have for experts new to testifying in court.  However, the brilliance of this masterpiece is realized equally by experienced experts, as the authors blend key concepts and strategy with examples, leaving the reader with lasting impressions that can be relied upon quickly and dependably when under the gun.  A monumental achievement!"

 Forensic Pathologist  
New York

"If you treat patients in auto accidents, you might some day be called to a deposition, mediation, arbitration or trial.  Insurance company (defense) attorneys may try to tear you up.  A new book by SEAK, Inc. (www.seak.com) should be on your list of possible pre-trial study guides.  Entitled Cross Examination:  The Comprehensive Guide for Experts, this book is one of the few resources I have seen to plan for how to withstand feared cross-examination by a hostile attorney.  Unlike any other publication I've ever seen, this book covers subjects that you might not have known were subjects.  It is chock full of golden examples of successful and unsuccessful cross examination testimony.  If you have been in depositions, mediations, arbitrations or trials, or feel you might be, consider buying this book to have on your shelf.  At least make a note of the title and web site, should the need arise.

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